Design of Flat Slab Using Is 456 Ppt

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1. 1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Common practice of design and construction is to support the slabs by beams and support the beams by columns. This may be called as beam-slab construction. The beams reduce the available net clear ceiling height. Hence in warehouses, offices and public halls some times beams are avoided and slabs are directly supported by columns. This types of construction is aesthetically appealing also. These slabs which are directly supported by columns are called Flat Slabs. Fig. 1.1 shows a typical flat slab. d 2 Critical section for shear Fig. 1.1 A typical flat slab (without drop and column head) The column head is some times widened so as to reduce the punching shear in the slab. The widened portions are called column heads. The column heads may be provided with any angle from the consideration of architecture but for the design, concrete in the portion at 45º on either side of vertical only is considered as effective for the design [Ref. Fig. 1.2]. d 2 Critical section for shear Concrete in this area is neglected for calculation 90° Fig. 1.2 Slab without drop and column with column head 1 Flat Slabs CHAPTER
2. 2. 2 Advanced R.C.C. Design Moments in the slabs are more near the column. Hence the slab is thickened near the columns by providing the drops as shown in Fig. 1.3. Sometimes the drops are called as capital of the column. Thus we have the following types of flat slabs: Critical section for shear d 2 d 2 Critical section for shear Fig. 1.3 Slab with drop and column without column head (i) Slabs without drop and column head (Fig. 1.1). (ii) Slabs without drop and column with column head (Fig. 1.2). (iii) Slabs with drop and column without column head (Fig. 1.3). (iv) Slabs with drop and column head as shown in Fig. 1.4. Critical section for shear 45° 45° d 2 Fig. 1.4 Slab with drop and column with column head The portion of flat slab that is bound on each of its four sides by centre lines of adjacent columns is called a panel. The panel shown in Fig. 1.5 has size L1 ´ L2. A panel may be divided into column strips and middle strips. Column Strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25L1 or 0.25L2, whichever is less. The remaining middle portion which is bound by the column strips is called middle strip. Fig. 1.5 shows the division of flat slab panel into column and middle strips in the direction y.
3. 3. Flat Slabs 3 L2a L2b C of panel A C of panel B Middle stripMiddle strip Column strip L2a 4 L2b 4 Column strip Column strip y xo L1 but L < 1 4 but L < 1 4 Fig. 1.5 Panels, column strips and middle strips is y-direction 1.2 PROPORTIONING OF FLAT SLABS IS 456-2000 [Clause 31.2] gives the following guidelines for proportioning. 1.2.1 Drops The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each direction not less than one third of the panel in that direction. For exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to the non continuous edge and measured from the centre-line of the columns shall be equal to one half of the width of drop for interior panels. 1.2.2 Column Heads Where column heads are provided, that portion of the column head which lies within the largest right circular cone or pyramid entirely within the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purpose as shown in Figs. 1.2 and 1.4. 1.2.3 Thickness of Flat Slab From the consideration of deflection control IS 456-2000 specifies minimum thickness in terms of span to effective depth ratio. For this purpose larger span is to be considered. If drop as specified in 1.2.1 is provided, then the maximum value of ratio of larger span to thickness shall be = 40, if mild steel is used = 32, if Fe 415 or Fe 500 steel is used If drops are not provided or size of drops do not satisfy the specification 1.2.1, then the ratio shall not exceed 0.9 times the value specified above i.e., = 40 ´ 0.9 = 36, if mild steel is used. = 32 ´ 0.9 = 28.8, if HYSD bars are used It is also specified that in no case, the thickness of flat slab shall be less than 125 mm.
4. 4. 4 Advanced R.C.C. Design 1.3 DETERMINATION OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE For this IS 456-2000 permits use of any one of the following two methods: (a) The Direct Design Method (b) The Equivalent Frame Method 1.4 THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD This method has the limitation that it can be used only if the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each directions. (b) The panels shall be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span within a panel shall not be greater than 2. (c) The successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third of longer span. (d) The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load. (e) The end span must be shorter but not greater than the interior span. (f) It shall be permissible to offset columns a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of the offset not withstanding the provision in (b). Total Design Moment The absolute sum of the positive and negative moment in each direction is given by M0 = WL 8 n Where, M0 = Total moment W = Design load on the area L2 ´ Ln Ln = Clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls but not less than 0.65 L1 L1 = Length of span in the direction of M0; and L2 = Length of span transverse to L1 In taking the values of Ln, L1 and L2, the following clauses are to be carefully noted: (a) Circular supports shall be treated as square supports having the same area i.e., squares of size 0.886D. (b) When the transverse span of the panel on either side of the centre line of support varies, L2 shall be taken as the average of the transverse spans. In Fig. 1.5 it is given by L L2 2 2 a b+b g. (c) When the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being considered, the distance from the edge to the centre-line of the panel shall be substituted for L2. Distribution of Bending Moment in to –ve and +ve Moments The total design moment M0 in a panel is to be distributed into –ve moment and +ve moment as specified below:
5. 5. Flat Slabs 5 In an interior span Negative Design Moment 0.65 M0 Positive Design Moment 0.35 M0 In an end span Interior negative design moment = 0 75 010 1 1 . . - + L N MM O Q PPac M0 Positive design moment = 0 63 0 28 1 1 0. . - + L N MM O Q PPac M Exterior negative design moment = 0 65 1 1 0 . + L N MM O Q PPac M where ac is the ratio of flexural stiffness at the exterior columns to the flexural stiffness of the slab at a joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given by ac = K K c s ∑ ∑ Where, Kc = Sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the joint; and Ks = Flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment per unit rotation. Distribution of Bending Moments Across the Panel Width The +ve and –ve moments found are to be distributed across the column strip in a panel as shown in Table 1.1. The moment in the middle strip shall be the difference between panel and the column strip moments. Table 1.1 Distribution of Moments Across the Panel Width in a Column Strip S. No. Distributed Moment Per cent of Total Moment a Negative BM at the exterior support 100 b Negative BM at the interior support 75 c Positive bending moment 60
6. 6. 6 Advanced R.C.C. Design Moments in Columns In this type of constructions column moments are to be modified as suggested in IS 456–2000 [Clause No. 31.4.5]. Shear Force The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d 2 from the periphery of the column/capital drop panel. Hence if drops are provided there are two critical sections near columns. These critical sections are shown in Figs. 1.1 to 1.4. The shape of the critical section in plan is similar to the support immediately below the slab as shown in Fig. 1.6. d/2 d/2 Critical section Support section column / column head ( )a d/2 Support section Critical section ( )b Fig. 1.6 For columns sections with re-entrant angles, the critical section shall be taken as indicated in Fig. 1.7. Critical section Support section d/2 d/2 ( )a d/2 d/2 d/2 Critical section Support section ( )b Fig. 1.7 In case of columns near the free edge of a slab, the critical section shall be taken as shown in Fig. 1.8. d/2 d/2 Critical section Free edge ( )a Critical section Free corner Corner column ( )b Fig. 1.8
7. 7. Flat Slabs 7 The nominal shear stress may be calculated as tv = V b d0 where V – is shear force due to design b0 – is the periphery of the critical section d – is the effective depth The permissible shear stress in concrete may be calculated as ks tc, where ks = 0.5 + bc but not greater than 1, where bc is the ratio of short side to long side of the column/capital; and tc = 0 25. fck If shear stress tv < tc – no shear reinforcement are required. If tc < tv < 1.5 tc, shear reinforcement shall be provided. If shear stress exceeds 1.5 tc flat slab shall be redesigned. 1.5 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD IS 456–2000 recommends the analysis of flat slab and column structure as a rigid frame to get design moment and shear forces with the following assumptions: (a) Beam portion of frame is taken as equivalent to the moment of inertia of flat slab bounded laterally by centre line of the panel on each side of the centre line of the column. In frames adjacent and parallel to an edge beam portion shall be equal to flat slab bounded by the edge and the centre line of the adjacent panel. (b) Moment of inertia of the members of the frame may be taken as that of the gross section of the concrete alone. (c) Variation of moment of inertia along the axis of the slab on account of provision of drops shall be taken into account. In the case of recessed or coffered slab which is made solid in the region of the columns, the stiffening effect may be ignored provided the solid part of the slab does not extend more than 0.15 lef into the span measured from the centre line of the columns. The stiffening effect of flared columns heads may be ignored. (d) Analysis of frame may be carried out with substitute frame method or any other accepted method like moment distribution or matrix method. Loading Pattern When the live load does not exceed ¾th of dead load, the maximum moments may be assumed to occur at all sections when full design live load is on the entire slab. If live load exceeds ¾th dead load analysis is to be carried out for the following pattern of loading also: (i) To get maximum moment near mid span – ¾th of live load on the panel and full live load on alternate panel (ii) To get maximum moment in the slab near the support – ¾th of live load is on the adjacent panel only It is to be carefully noted that in no case design moment shall be taken to be less than those occurring with full design live load on all panels. The moments determined in the beam of frame (flat slab) may be reduced in such proportion that the numerical sum of positive and average negative moments is not less than the value of total design
8. 8. 8 Advanced R.C.C. Design moment M0 = WLn 8 . The distribution of slab moments into column strips and middle strips is to be made in the same manner as specified in direct design method. 1.6 SLAB REINFORCEMENT Spacing The spacing of bars in a flat slab, shall not exceed 2 times the slab thickness. Area of Reinforcement When the drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for determining area of reinforcement shall be the lesser of the following: (a) Thickness of drop, and (b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of capital. The minimum percentage of the reinforcement is same as that in solid slab i.e., 0.12 percent if HYSD bars used and 0.15 percent, if mild steel is used. Minimum Length of Reinforcement At least 50 percent of bottom bars should be from support to support. The rest may be bent up. The minimum length of different reinforcement in flat slabs should be as shown in Fig. 1.9 (Fig. 16 in IS 456– 2000). If adjacent spans are not equal, the extension of the –ve reinforcement beyond each face shall be based on the longer span. All slab reinforcement should be anchored property at discontinuous edges. Example 1.1: Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m ´ 5 m without providing drop and column head. Size of columns is 500 ´ 500 mm and live load on the panel is 4 kN/m2 . Take floor finishing load as 1 kN/m2 . Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Solution: Thickness Since drop is not provided and HYSD bars are used span to thickness ratio shall not exceed 1 0 9 32 1 28 8. .× = Minimum thickness required = Span 28 8 5000 28 8. . = = 173.6 mm Let d = 175 mm and D = 200 mm Loads Self weight of slab = 0.20 ´ 25 = 5 kN/m2 Finishing load = 1 kN/m2 Live load = 4 kN/m2 Total working load = 10 kN/m2 Factored load = 1.5 ´ 10 = 15 kN/m2
9. 9. Flat Slabs 9 Minimum percentage of steel at section 50 Remainder WITHOUT DROP PANEL WITH DROP PANEL d b 75 mm max 150 mm d b c 24 BAR DIA OR ed b b e b 150 mm min. DROPbd b e 150 mmg e b 300 mm min. g EDGE OF DROP 75 mm max. 150 mm 75 mm max. 150 mm150 mm (ALL BARS) (ALL BARS) 150 mm 75 mm max.75 mm max. 150 mm c c c c a a cc ff D C D D C C Clear span - ln Face of support interior support Exterior support MiddleStripColumnstripStrip Type ofbars StraightbarsBentbars*StraightbarsBentbars* 50 Remainder 50 Remainder 50 Remainder 100 50 Remainder 50 Remainder 50 Remainder Clear span - ln Face of support interior support C 0.15 maxl o.15 maxl 0.125lmax 300 mm min. ALL BARS EDGE OF 24BAR DIA OR [NO SLAB CONTINUITY] [CONTINUITY PROVED] [NO SLAB CONTINUITY] Bar Length From Face of Support Minimum Length Maximum Length Mark a b c d e f g Length 0.14 ln 0.20 ln 0.22 ln 0.30 ln 0.33 ln 0.20 ln 0.24 ln * Bent bars at exterior supports may be used if a general analysis is made. Note. D is the diameter of the column and the dimension of the rectangular column in the direction under consideration. Fig. 1.9 Minimum bend joint locations and extensions for reinforcement in flat slabs
10. 10. 10 Advanced R.C.C. Design Ln = 5 – 0.5 = 4.5 m Total design load in a panel W = 15 L2 Ln = 15 ´ 5 ´ 4.5 = 337.5 kN Moments Panel Moment M0 = WL kNmn 8 3375 4 5 8 18984= ´ =. . . Panel –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 189.84 = 123.40 kNm Panel +ve moment = 0.35 ´ 189.84 = 0.35 ´ 189.84 = 66.44 kNm Distribution of moment into column strips and middle strip: Column Strip in kNm Middle Strip in kNm –ve moment 0.75´ 123.40 = 92.55 30.85 +ve moment 0.60´ 66.44 = 39.86 26.58 Checking the thickness selected: Since Fe 415 steel is used, Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d2 Width of column strip = 0.5 ´ 5000 = 2500 mm Mu lim = 0.138 ´ 20 ´ 2500 ´ 1752 = 211.3125 ´ 106 Nmm = 211.3125 kNm Hence singly reinforced section can be designed i.e., thickness provided is satisfactory from the consideration of bending moment. Check for Shear The critical section for shear is at a distance d 2 from the column face. Hence periphery of critical section around a column is square of a size = 500 + d = 500 + 175 = 675 mm Shear to be resisted by the critical section V = 15 ´ 5 ´ 5 – 15 ´ 0.675 ´ 0.675 = 368.166 kN tv = 368166 1000 4 675 175 . × × × = 0.779 N/mm2 ks = 1 + bc subject to maximum of 1. bc = L L 1 2 5 5 = = 1 ks = 1 tc = 0 25 0 25 20. .fck = = 1.118 N/mm2 safe in shear since tv < tc 675 675500 500
11. 11. Flat Slabs 11 Reinforcement For –ve moment in column strip: Mu = 92.55 kNm 92.55 ´ 106 = 0 87 1. f d bd f f y st st y ck A A − L NM O QP = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 175 1 2500 175 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst i.e., 1464.78 = Ast 1 21084 3 − L NM O QP Ast . i.e., Ast 2 – 21084.3Ast + 1464.78 ´ 21084.3 = 0 Ast = 1583.74 mm2 This is to be provided in a column strip of width 2500 mm. Hence using 12 mm bars, spacing required is given by s = p 4 12 1583 74 2500 2 ´ ´ . = 178 mm Provide 12 mm bars at 175 mm c/c. For +ve moment in column strip: Mu = 39.86 kNm 39.86 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 175 1 2500 175 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 630.86 = Ast 1 21084 3 − L NM O QP Ast . or Ast 2 – 21084.3 Ast + 630.86 ´ 21084.3 = 0 Ast = 651 mm2 Using 10 mm bars, spacing required is s = p 4 10 651 2500 2 ´ ´ = 301.6 mm < 2 ´ thickness of slab Hence provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c. Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c in the middle strip to take up –ve and +ve moments. Since span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in other direction also.
12. 12. 12 Advanced R.C.C. Design Reinforcement Details It is as shown in Fig. 1.10 50005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 Column Strip Middle Strip Column strip ColumnStripMiddleStripColumnstrip 10-300 c/c 10-300 c/c 500 10 - 300 cc 200 500 Cover -25 12-175 c/c Section through column strip 500 500 30003000 10 - 300 c/c section through middle strip Top reinforcement Sign convention Bottom reinforcement 12-175 c/c 12-175 c/c Fig. 1.10 Reinforcement details [all dimension in mm units] Example 1.2: Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6 ´ 6 m supported by columns of size 500 ´ 500 mm. Provide suitable drop. Take live load as 4 kN/m2 . Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Solution : Thickness : Since Fe 415 steel is used and drop is provided, maximum span to thickness ratio permitted is 32 Thickness of flat slab = 6000 32 = 187.5 mm Provide 190 mm thickness. Let the cover be 30 mm Overall thickness D = 220 mm Let the drop be 50 mm. Hence at column head, d = 240 mm and D = 270 mm
13. 13. Flat Slabs 13 Size of Drop It should not be less than 1 3 6´ m = 2 m Let us provide 3 m ´ 3 m drop so that the width of drop is equal to that of column head. Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm. Loads For the purpose of design let us take self-weight as that due to thickness at column strip Self-weight = 0.27 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 25 = 6.75 kN/m2 Finishing load = 1.00 kN/m2 Live load = 4.00 kN/m2 Total load = 11.75 kN/m2 Design (factored) load = 1.5 ´ 11.75 = 17.625 kN/m2 Clear span Ln = 6 – 0.5 = 5.5 m Design load W0 = Wu ´ L2 ´ Ln = 17.625 ´ 6 ´ 5.5 = 581.625 kN Design Total Moment Total moment M0 = W L0 8 581625 55 8 n = ´. . = 400 kNm Total negative moment = 0.65 ´ 400 = 260 kNm Total positive moment = 0.35 ´ 400 = 140 kNm The above moments are to be distributed into column strip and middle strip Column Strip Middle Strip –ve moment 0.75´ 260 = 195 kNm 0.25´ 260 = 65 kNm +ve moment 0.6´ 140 = 84 kNm 0.4´ 140 = 56 kNm Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d2 = 0.138 ´ 20 ´ 3000 ´ 2402 = 476.928 ´ 106 Nmm = 476.928 kNm Thus Mu lim > Mu. Hence thickness selected is sufficient. Check for Shear The critical section is at a distance
14. 14. 14 Advanced R.C.C. Design d 2 = 240 2 = 120 mm from the face of column It is a square of size = 500 + 240 = 740 mm V = Total load – load on 0.740 ´ 0.740 area = 17.625 ´ 6 ´ 6 – 17.625 ´ 0.740 ´ 0.740 = 624.849 kN Nominal shear = tv = 624 489 1000 4 740 240 . × × × = 0.880 N/mm2 Shear strength = ks tc where ks = 1 + bc subject to maximum of 1 where bc = L L 1 2 = 1 ks = 1 tc = 0 25 20. = 1.118 N/mm2 Design shear stress permitted = 1.118 N/mm2 > tv Hence the slab is safe in shear without shear reinforcement also. Shear strength may be checked at distance d 2 from drop. It is quite safe since drop size is large. Reinforcement (a) For –ve moment in column strip Mu = 195 kNm Thickness d = 240 mm Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d 1 − × × L NM O QPAst y ckb d f f 195 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 240 1 3000 240 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 2250.38 = Ast 1 34698 8 − L NM O QP Ast . Ast 2 – 34698.8 Ast + 2250.38 ´ 34698.8 = 0 Ast = 2419 mm2 in 3000 mm width 500 500 500 740 740 120 120
15. 15. Flat Slabs 15 Using 12 mm bars, spacing required is s = p 4 12 2419 3000 2 ´ ´ = 140.26 mm Provide 12 mm bars at 140 mm c/c (b) For +ve moment in column strip Mu = 84 kNm = 84 ´ 106 Nmm. Thickness d = 190 mm 84 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 190 1 3000 240 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 1224.5 = Ast 1 27469 9 − L NM O QP Ast . Ast = 1285 mm2 Using 10 mm bars s = p 4 10 1285 3000 2 ´ ´ = 183 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 180 mm c/c (c) For –ve moment in middle strip: Mu = 65 kNm; Thickness = 190 mm 65 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 190 1 3000 190 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 947.5 = Ast 1 27469 9 − L NM O QP Ast . Ast 2 – 27469.9 Ast + 947.5 ´ 27469.9 = 0 Ast = 983 mm2 in 3000 mm width Using 10 mm bars s = p 4 10 983 3000 2 ´ ´ = 239.7 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 230 mm c/c (d) For +ve moment in middle strip Mu = 56 kNm; Thickness = 190 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 230 mm c/c in this portion also. Since span is same in both direction, provide similar reinforcement in both directions. The details of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 1.11.
16. 16. 16 Advanced R.C.C. Design 6000 Column strip Middle strip Column strip Columnstrip Middlestrip Columnstrip 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 =Do p widthr=Do p widthr =Dorpwidth=Dorpwidth 12 140 c/c– 10 230 c/c– 500 500 240 10 230@ 12 @ 140 10 180 c/c@ 190 Cover - 30 Section through column strip 10 230 c/c@ 240 190 500 500 10 180c/c– 12 230c/c– 10–180c/c Fig. 1.11 Reinforcement details Example 1.3: Design the interior panel of the flat slab in example 1.2, providing a suitable column head, if columns are of 500 mm diameter. Solution: Let the diameter of column head be = 0.25L = 0.25 ´ 6 = 1.5 m It's equivalent square has side 'a' where π 4 152 × . = a2 a = 1.33 m Ln = 6 – 1.33 = 4.67 m W0 = 17.625 ´ 6 ´ 4.67 = 493.85 kN M0 = W Lo n 8 49385 4 67 8 = ×. . = 288.3 kNm
17. 17. Flat Slabs 17 Total –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 288.3 = 187.4 kNm Total +ve moment = 0.35 ´ 288.3 = 100.9 kNm The distribution of above moment into column strip and middle strips are as given below: Column Strip Middle Strip –ve moment 0.75´ 187.4 = 140.55 kNm 0.25´ 187.4 = 46.85kNm +ve moment 0.60´ 100.9 = 60.54kNm 0.4´ 100.9 = 40.36kNm Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2 = 0.138 ´ 20 ´ 3000 ´ 2402 = 476.928 ´ 106 Nmm > Mu Hence thickness selected is sufficient. Check for Shear The critical section is at a distance d 2 = 240 2 = 120 mm from the face of column head Diameter of critical section = 1500 + 240 =1740 mm = 1.740 m Perimeter of critical section = p D = 1.740 p Shear on this section V = 17 625 6 6 4 1742 . .´ - ´ L NM O QP p = 592.59 kN tv = 592 59 1000 1740 240 . × × ×π = 0.45 N/mm2 Maximum shear permitted = ks × 0 25 20. = 1.118 N/mm2 Since ks works out to be 1 Since maximum shear permitted in concrete is more than nominal shear tv, there is no need to provide shear reinforcement Design of Reinforcement (a) For –ve moment in column strip Mu = 140.55 kNm; d = 240 mm 140.55 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 240 1 3000 240 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 1622 = Ast 1 34698 8 − L NM O QP Ast . 1500 120
18. 18. 18 Advanced R.C.C. Design Ast 2 – 34698.8 Ast + 1622 ´ 34698.8 = 0 Ast = 1705 mm2 Using 12 mm bars, s = π 4 12 1705 3000 2 × × = 199 mm Provide 12 mm bars at 190 mm c/c. (b) For the +ve moment in column strip Mu = 60.54 kNm; d = 190 mm 60.54 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 190 1 3000 190 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 882.51 = Ast 1 27469 9 − L NM O QP Ast . Ast 2 – 27469.9 Ast + 882.51 ´ 27469.9 = 0 Ast = 913 mm2 Using 10 mm bars s = π 4 10 913 3000 2 × × = 258 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 250 mm c/c. (c) For –ve moment in middle strip: Mu = 46.85 kNm; d = 190 mm 46.85 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 190 1 3000 190 415 20 − × × L NM O QPAst 683 = Ast 1 27469 9 − L NM O QP Ast . Ast 2 – 27469.9Ast + 683 ´ 27469.9 = 0 Ast = 701 mm2 Using 10 mm bars, s = π 4 10 701 3000 2 × × = 336 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c. (d) Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c for +ve moment in middle strip also. As span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in both directions. Reinforcement detail may be shown as was done in previous problem. Example 1.4: A flat slab system consists of 5 m ´ 6 m panels and is without drop and column head. It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2 and a finishing load of 1 kN/m2 . It is to be designed using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. The size of the columns supporting the system is 500 ´ 500 mm and floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Calculate design moments in interior and exterior panels at column and middle strips in both directions.
19. 19. Flat Slabs 19 Solution: Thickness: Since Fe 415 steel is used and no drops are provided, longer span to depth ratio is not more than 32 ´ 0.9 = 28.8 d = 6000 28 8. = 208 Let us select d = 210 mm and D = 240 mm Loads Self weight 0.24 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 25 = 6 kN/m2 Finishing weight = 1 kN/m2 Live load = 4 kN/m2 Total = 11 kN/m2 Wu = 1.5 ´ 11 = 16.5 kN/m2 Panel Dimensions Along length L1 = 6 m and L2 = 5 m Width of column strip = 0.25 L1 or L2 whichever is less. = 0.25 ´ 5 = 1.25 m on either side of column centre line Total width of column strip = 1.25 ´ 2 = 2.5 m Width of middle strip = 5 – 2.5 = 2.5 m Along Width L1 = 5 m L2 = 6 m Width of column strip = 0.25 ´ 5 = 1.25 m on either side Total width of column strip = 2.5 m Hence, width of middle strip = 6 – 2.5 = 3.5 m INTERIOR PANELS Moments Along Longer Size L1 = 6 m L2 = 5 m Ln = 6 – 0.5 = 5.5 m subject to minimum of 0.65 ´ L1 = 3.9 m Ln = 5.5 m Load on panel W0 = 16.5 ´ L2Ln = 16.5 ´ 5 ´ 5.5 = 453.75 kN
20. 20. 20 Advanced R.C.C. Design M0 = W L0 8 45375 55 8 n = ´. . = 311.95 kNm Appropriation of Moment Total –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 311.95 = 202.77 kNm Total +ve moment = 311.95 – 202.77 = 109.18 kNm Hence moment in column strip and middle strip along longer direction in interior panels are as given below: Column Strip Middle Strip –ve moment 0.75´ 202.75 = 152.06 kNm 202.75 – 152.06 = 50.69kNm +ve moment 0.60´ 109.18 = 65.51kNm 109.18 – 65.51 = 43.67kNm Along Width L1 = 5 m L2 = 6 m and Ln = 5 – 0.5 = 4.5 m. Panel load = W0 = 16.5 ´ 6 ´ 4.5 = 445.5 kN Panel moment M0 = W L 0 8 4455 45 8 n = ´. . = 250.59 kN-m Appropriation of Moment: Total –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 250.59 = 162.88 kN-m Total +ve moment = 250.59 – 162.88 = 87.71 kN-m Moments in column strip and middle strip are as shown below: Column Strip Middle Strip –ve moment 0.75´ 162.88 = 122.16 kNm 0.25´ 162.88 = 40.72kNm +ve moment 0.60´ 87.71 = 52.63kNm 0.40´ 87.71 = 35.08kNm EXTERIOR PANELS Length of column = 4.5 – 0.24 = 4.26 m The building is not restrained from lateral sway. Hence as per Table 28 in IS 456-2000, effective length of column = 1.2 ´ length = 1.2 ´ 4.26 = 5.112 m Size of column = 500 ´ 500 mm Moment of inertia of column = 1 12 5004 4 × mm
21. 21. Flat Slabs 21 kc = I L 1 12 = × 500 5112 4 = 101844 mm4 LONGER SPAN DIRECTION Moment of inertia of beam Is = Moment of inertia of slab = 1 12 6000 2403 × × Its length = L2 = 5000 mm kc = I 5000 s = ´ ´1 12 6000 240 5000 3 = 1382400 mm4 Live load Dead load = 4 7 < 0.75 Relative stiffness ratio is ac = k k k c c s 1 2 2 1018844 1382400 + = × = 1.474 a = 1 1 1 1 1474 + = + ac . = 1.678 Hence various moment coefficients are: Interior –ve moment coefficient = 0.75 – 01. α = 0.690 Exterior –ve moment coefficient = 0.65 α = 0.387 Positive moment coefficient = 0.63 – 0.28 α = 0.463 Total moment M0 = 311.95 kNm Appropriation of moments in kNm is as given below: Total Column Strip Middle Strip Interior –ve 0.69´ 311.95 = 215.25 0.75´ 215.25 = 161.43 215.25 – 161.43 = 53.82 Exterior –ve 0.387´ 311.95 = 120.72 1.00´ 120.72 = 120.72 120.72 – 120.72 = 0 + Moment 0.463´ 31.95 = 144.43 0.60´ 144.43 = 86.66 144.43 – 86.66 = 57.77 Shorter Span Direction ks = 1 12 5000 240 6000 3 × × = 96000 ac = k k k c c s 1 2 2 1018844 960000 + = × = 2.123
22. 22. 22 Advanced R.C.C. Design a1 = 1 1 + αc = 1.471 Interior –ve moment coefficient = 0.75 – 0 1 0 75 0 1 1 471 . . . .a = - = 0.682 Exterior –ve moment coefficient = 0.65 0.65 α = 1 471. = 0.442 Positive moment coefficient = 0.63 – 0.28 0.28 α = −0 63 1 471 . . = 0.440 Total moment M0 = 250.59 kNm Appropriation of moments in shorter span exterior panel in kNm is as given below: Total Column Strip Middle Strip Interior –ve 0.682´ 250.59 = 170.90 0.75´ 170.76 = 128.18 170.90 – 128.18 = 42.72 Exterior -ve 0.442´ 250.59 = 110.76 1.00´ 110.76 = 110.76 110.76 – 110.76 = 0 + Moment 0.44´ 250.59 = 110.25 0.60´ 110.25 = 66.16 110.25 – 66.16 = 44.09 In the exterior panel in each column strips half the above values will act. These moments are shown in Fig. 1.12 Strip Col Middle Strip 2.5 1.25 Strip Col Middle Strip Strip Col 2.5 2.5 2.5 –120.72 –122.16 –53.82 52.63 –161.43 –15.06 2 –122.16 –50.69 52.63 –152.06 –122.16 86.66 2 –40.72 57.77 35.08 –40.72 43.67 35.08 65.51 –40.72 –152.06 –122.16 2 –128.18 –50.69 66.16 2 –161.43 –152.06 2 –122.16 2–128.18 66.16 2 52.63 2 –53.82120.72 –122.16 2 –128.18 86.66 2 –42.72 57.77 44.09 –42.72 43.67 44.09 65.51 –42.72 –152.06 –110.76 66.16 –50.69 –161.43 –152.06 2 –110.76 66.16 2 –53.82120.72 –4 –110.76 2.5 m 2.5 m 3.5 m 3.5 m 1.25 m 86 66 2 65 51 2 . . + 86 66 2 65 51 2 . . + 52 63 2 . Fig. 1.12
23. 23. Flat Slabs 23 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m ´ 5 m with suitable drop to support a live load of 4 kN/m2 . The floor is supported by columns of size 450 mm ´ 450 mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement details by showing cross sec- tions (i) at column strip (ii) at middle strip. 2. Design the exterior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m ´ 6 m with suitable drop to support a live load of 5 kN/m2 . The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ´ 500 mm. Floor to floor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. 3. For the flat slab system of size 6 m ´ 6 m provide suitable drop and fix up overall dimensions. The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ´ 500 mm, the floor height being 3.6 m. Calculate the design moments at various strips in the interior and exterior panels. Give the plan of the floor system showing these design moments.

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